Tag Archives: enhanced

Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Nanoparticles

As we know, commodity markets are not always in contango or backwardation. Energy prices are said to be in contango when the forward prices are greater than spot prices; prices are said to be in backwardation when spot prices exceed forward prices. Empirical evidence suggests, however, that the term structure of energy is not fully explained by carry. In addition they reflect the prevailing yield curve (cost of carry) and storage costs. The no-arbitrage, cost and carry model predicts that futures prices will differ from spot prices by the storage and financing costs relevant to inventory. However, imports of LNG to the US are very marginal due to the high costs of transportation and handling. Overseas natural gas markets will most likely continue to be segregated from the North American market in the near future, primarily due to transportation logistics. Oil and natural gas markets often become backwardated due to external factors or supply concerns. The future price of an energy product is determined by many factors. The relative isolation of the Californian (or Western) market, in combination with other factors such as weather, often result in substantial price variation from other regions. In other words, futures prices as predicted by a cost of carry model generally exceed those observed in the market, even when prices are in contango.

They require the presence of speculators in the market, willing to assume the long side of their hedges, and must entice them with an expectation of profit. The speculators will only be willing to buy forward if the forward price is below the expected spot price to give them an expected profit of the difference between prices at the two tenors. Collectors attend gas and oil swap meets known as Gas Bashes around the country, and at one we attended two collectors and sellers from France were buying and selling. One of the speculated areas of application is in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). As a consequence, areas already turned to rubble, and even areas not so badly damaged may be consumed by fire. What is a key you may ask? Disaggregation bands can be almost invisible in clean sandstones, but may be detected where they cross and offset laminae (Figure below). How do deformation bands differ from regular fractures in non-porous rocks?

Even 100 m long deformation bands seldom have offsets in excess of a few centimetres, while shear fractures of the same length tend to show meter-scale displacement. Figure above shows how deformation bands kinematically relate to fractures in non-porous and low-porosity rocks, but there are good reasons why deformation bands should be distinguished from ordinary fractures. Kinematic classification of deformation bands and their relationship to fractures in low-porosity and non-porous rocks. Width of bands 1 mm. Deformation mechanisms depend on internal and external conditions such as mineralogy, grain size, grain shape, grain sorting, cementation, porosity, state of stress etc., and different mechanisms produce bands with different petrophysical properties. Unfortunately, state oil and gas regulatory agencies don’t have uniform names. The difference between brittle fracturing of nonporous and porous rocks lies in the fact that porous rocks have a pore volume that can be utilised during grain reorganisation. Even if grains are crushed, grain fragments can be organised into nearby pore space.

Markets that are geographically isolated from pipeline connections can acquire natural gas in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Oct. 20, 2016 – EPA has issued final Control Techniques Guidelines for reducing smog-forming volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from existing oil and natural gas equipment and processes in certain states and areas with smog problems. Consumption in these states typically exceeds local production. This is an ad valorem tax on the assessed value of products severed and sold from each production unit. Many people do not realize that a wide variety of common products are petroleum-based, not just the fuel for our cars. Some petroleum products and their uses are listed below. However, the most efficient fuel is gas in combination with a condensing boiler which uses the boiler exhaust gasses to reheat the water returning to the boiler. Coral reefs are being destroyed because the acidic water inhibits the production of calcium necessary for coral development. We need your help in protecting these critical unspoiled lands in western Colorado from the impacts of oil and gas development!